Basavanthappa, BT
Child Health Nursing - New Delhi Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers Pvt. Ltd. c2015 - 1047
This book is intended to provide an easily comprehensible non-intimidating and concise text on the subject matter of Child Health Nursing to nursing student of all levels. There was a felt need among nursing students and teachers to have text which suits them. Significant changes have been made in the presentation of the subject with the requirement of the nursing students in mind. Subject areas have been regrouped and made more concise and relevant to the needs of the today’s students. The information provided is based on established knowledge and practice. Every attempt has been made to maintain simplicity and lucidity of language and style.
Contents
1. Introduction to Child Health Nursing 1
• Evolution of Child Health Nursing 2
• Rights of the Child 3
• Goals of Children Health 4
• Child Health Movements in India 5
• National Policy for Children 6
Maternal and Child Health 9
Maternal and Child Health Programs 11
• Reproductive and Child Health Program 13
• Child Welfare Services in India 16
• Nutrition Programs 17
• Integrated Management of Neonatal and
Childhood Illness Strategy 21
• Philosophy of Child Health Nursing 21
• Goals of Child Health Nursing 23
• Role of Pediatric Nurse 24
Expanded Roles of Pediatric Nurse 29
• Standards of Care and Professional Performance of
Pediatric Nurse 30
• Current Trends in Child Health Care 31
2. Assessment of Pediatric Client 35
• Health Interview 36
Techniques of Obtaining Client History 38
• Physical Examination 43
3. Hospitalized Child 72
• Problems of Hospitalization of Children 72
• Children Reactions to Hospitalization 73
• Factors Affecting Children’s Response to
Hospitalization 75
• Family Reactions to the Hospitalized Child 76
Nursing Care for a Hospitalized Child 77
Admitting the Child to the Hospital 81
Maintaining Safety during Hospitalization 82
Providing Basic Care to the Hospitalized Child 85
Addressing the Effects of Hospitalization
Developmentally 87
Providing Play, Activities and Recreation for
the Hospitalized Child 88
Promoting Schoolwork and Education during
Hospitalization 89
Addressing the Needs of Family Members 89
4. Genetics and Prenatal Pediatrics 91
• Chromosomes 91
• Traditional Inheritance Pattern 92
• Non-traditional Inheritance Patterns 94
• Conception 98
• Development of the Embryo 99
• Fetal Maturation 104
• Significance of Screening to Families 109
• Prenatal Diagnosis for Genetic Abnormalities 110
• Genetic Evaluation and Counseling 112
• Genetic Counseling 113
• Role of the Nurse in Genetic Counseling 116
5. Growth and Development in Children 123
• Principles of Development 125
• Factors Influencing Growth and Development 130
• Biological Growth and Development
in Children 135
• Intellectual Development in Children 137
• Psychosocial Development in Children 141
Moral Development 143
Development of Intergroup Attitudes 145
Personality Development (Freud) 146
Defense Mechanisms (Coping Mechanism) 147
Role of Nurses in Psychosocial
Development 148
Development of Sexuality 149
• Need for Developmental Assessment 151
• A Summary of Growth and Development 152
• Assessment of Physical Growth 163
Growth Monitoring 166
Assessment of Development 170
6. Behavioral Pediatrics and Nursing 174
• Child Behavior and Family 174
• Motivation for Parenthood 175
• Preparation for Parenthood 175
• Transition to Parenthood 175
• Parenting Behaviors 177
• Strategies to Minimize Misbehavior and
Maintain Discipline 179
• Strategies for Implementing Discipline 180
• Influence of the ‘Experts’ in Child Rearing 181
• Behavior Problems in Children 182
Conduct Disorder 183
Oppositional Defiant Disorder 184
Pervasive Developmental Disorders 184
Autism Spectrum Disorder 185
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder 186
Specific Developmental Disorders 189
Anxiety Disorders 191
Mood Disorders 193
Developmental Disorders 195
Habit Disorders 196
Eating Disorders 197
• Abuse and Violence 198
• Management of Child with Behavioral Problems 200
• Nursing Management of Child with a
Mental Health Disorder 205
7. Community Pediatrics and Nursing 210
• Levels of Prevention 211
• Vital Statistics of Children 211
• National Health Programs 213
National Rural Health Mission 2005–2012 213
National Programs Related to Mother and
Child Care 215
National Programs Related to Control of
Communicable Diseases 230
National AIDS and STD Control Program 235
Nutritional Programs Related to Control of
Nutritional Deficiencies and Disorders 236
National Programs Related to Control of
Non-communicable Diseases 238
Under Five Clinics 241
• Areas in Community Pediatrics Requiring
Special Attention 243
Child Labor 243
Handicapped Child 246
Girl Child 247
Accidents 249
8. Neonatal Nursing (Normal) 251
• Factors Interfering with on Adjustment of
Normal Full-term Newborn in Each Body System 251
• Physical Characteristics of Newborn 255
• Physiological Characteristics of Newborn 256
• Assessment of Newborn 257
• Care of the Normal Neonate 263
Nourishment and Fluids for Newborn 273
Love—Parent-Infant Attachment 281
• Special Needs of Neonate 281
• Nursing Management of Normal Newborn 284
9. Neonatal Nursing (High-risk) 290
• Classification of High-risk Neonate 290
• Preterm Newborn 291
• Post-term Newborn 292
• Common Problems of High-risk Newborn 297
Apnea of Prematurity/Neonatal Apnea 297
Idiopathic Respiratory Distress Syndrome 299
Meconium Aspiration Syndrome 301
Extraneous Air Syndrome 302
Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia 303
Pulmonary Dysmaturity
(Wilson-Mikity Syndrome) 304
Atelectasis 304
Neonatal Sepsis 305
Necrotizing Enterocolitis 306
Patent Ductus Arteriosus 308
Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension of
Neonate 309
Physiologic Anemia 310
Polycythemia 311
Retinopathy of Prematurity 311
• Neurologic Problems of Neonate 312
Perinatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Injury 312
Germinal Matrix-Intraventricular Hemorrhage 313
Intracranial Hemorrhage 314
Neonatal Seizures 314
Infants of Diabetic Mother 316
Narcotic Addiction/Drug Exposed Infants 317
Fetal Alcoholic Syndrome 318
• Neonatal Defects in Physical Development 319
Defects of Neural Tube Closure 319
Spina Bifida 319
Hydrocephalus 327
• Problems of Physiologic Factors 331
Hyperbilirubinemia 331
Blood Incompatibility 333
• Metabolic Complications 336
• Maternal Infections 336
• Congenital Abnormalities 339
• Chromosomal Abnormalities 339
• Defects Caused by Chemical Agents 340
• Inborn Errors of Metabolism 341
• Congenital Hypothyroidism 341
• Phenylketonuria 342
• Galactosemia 344
10. Pediatric Intensive Care Unit 346
• Pediatric Nursing Unit 346
Location 346
Design 346
Introduction to PICU 347
Problems at PICU and its Measures 348
Organization of PICU 349
Human Resource for PICU 350
Services of PICU 350
• Techniques of Monitoring Child in PICU 351
Evaluation of Ventilatory Status 353
• Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation 355
• Neonatal Care Unit 359
11. Respiratory Nursing in Children 363
• Respiration 363
• Common Symptoms Related to
Respiratory Diseases 365
• Acute Respiratory Infections 367
Common Cold (Acute Viral Rhinitis) 367
Sinusitis 368
Influenza 369
Pharyngitis (Acute Sore Throat) 370
Tonsillitis 371
Infectious Mononucleosis 372
Otitis Media 372
Tonsils and Adenoids 375
Acute Obstructive Laryngitis (Croup) 378
Tracheobronchitis 381
Epiglottitis 381
Bronchiolitis 383
Pneumonia 386
Bronchitis 391
Tuberculosis 391
Epistaxis 395
Foreign Body Aspiration 396
Respiratory Distress Syndrome 396
Pneumothorax 397
Allergic Rhinitis 398
Asthma 399
Chronic Lung Disease 408
Cystic Fibrosis 408
Apnea 411
Respiratory Failure 413
12. Gastrointestinal Nursing 419
• Assessment of Gastrointestinal Disorder 420
• General Care for Gastrointestinal Disorders 421
• Diarrheal Diseases in Children 427
Acute Diarrhea 427
Cholera 435
Acute Bacillary Dysentery (Shigellosis) 438
Pseudomembranous Colitis (Clostridium
difficile-associated Diarrhea) 438
• Oral Rehydration Therapy 439
• Persistent Diarrhea 440
• Chronic Diarrhea 442
• Oral Candidiasis (Thrush) 445
• Oral Lesions 446
• Vomiting 446
• Dehydration 449
• Anorectal Malformations 450
• Inguinal and Umbilical Hernias 451
• Omphalocele and Gastroschisis 451
• Meckel Diverticulum 452
• Esophageal Atresia and Tracheoesophageal
Fistula 453
• Cleft Lip and Cleft Palate 454
Speech, Hearing and Dentition 456
Surgical Nursing Management 457
• Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis 459
• Rumination 462
• Gastroesophageal Reflux 463
• Appendicitis 467
• Malrotation and Volvulus 468
• Intestinal Obstruction 468
Duodenal Obstruction 468
Jejunal and Ileal Atresias 469
Volvulus 469
• Peptic Ulcer Disease 469
• Intussusception 471
• Constipation 472
• Encopresis 474
• Hirschsprung Disease (Congenital Aganglionic
Megacolon) 476
• Short Bowel Syndrome 477
• Inflammatory Bowel Disease 478
• Crohn Disease 479
• Ulcerative Colitis 480
• Celiac Disease 483
• Recurrent Abdominal Pain 485
• Chronic Abdominal Pain 487
• Pancreatitis 488
• Cholelithiasis 488
• Jaundice 489
• Biliary Atresia 490
• Hepatitis 491
• Cirrhosis and Portal Hypertension 492
• Liver Transplantation 493
13. Reno-urological Nursing 494
• Retroperitoneal Structure 494
• Development of Kidney and Ureter 495
• Assessment of Kidney and Urinary Tract 496
• Assessment of a Child with a Urologic Problem 498
• Urinary Tract Infection 500
• Enuresis 506
• Nephrotic Syndrome 508
• Acute Glomerulonephritis 515
• Chronic Glomerulonephritis 517
• Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome 518
• Henoch-Schönlein Purpura (Anaphylactoid) 519
• Familial Renal Disease 519
• Renal Failure 520
Acute Renal Failure 520
Chronic Renal Failure 523
• Dialysis and Transplantation 525
Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis 527
Hemodialysis in Children 528
Renal Transplantation 529
14 Cardiovascular Nursing 534
• Assessment of Cardiovascular System 535
• Congenital Heart Disease 542
• Tetralogy of Fallot 545
• Tricuspid Atresia 546
• Atrial Septal Defect 548
• Ventricular Septal Defect 549
• Atrioventricular Canal Defect 550
• Patent Ductus Arteriosus 551
• Coarctation of the Aorta 553
• Aortic Stenosis 554
• Pulmonary Stenosis 555
• Transposition of the Great Vessels Arteries 557
• Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous
Connection 558
• Truncus Arteriosus 559
• Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome 561
• Nursing Management of the Child with
Congenital Heart Disease 562
• Cardiac Surgery in Children 563
• Nursing Management of Cardiac
Surgery in Children 565
• Heart Failure 576
• Congestive Heart Failure 576
• Infective Endocarditis 584
• Acute Rheumatic Fever 585
• Cardiomyopathy 586
• Hypertension 587
• Kawasaki Disease 590
• Hyperlipidemia 591
• Atherosclerosis 592
• Heart Transplantation 593
• Nursing Care of the Child with a
Cardiovascular Disorder 595
15. Endocrinological Nursing 600
• Assessment of a Child with an Endocrine
Problem 601
Disorders of Endocrine Gland 604
• Disorders of Pituitary Gland 604
Anterior Pituitary Primary Disorders 604
Posterior Pituitary Disorders 608
• Disorders of Thyroid 611
Congenital Hypothyroidism 611
Acquired Hypothyroidism (Juvenile
Hypothyroidism) 613
Hyperthyroidism 615
Transient Neonatal Thyrotoxicosis 617
• Disorders of Parathyroid 618
Hypoparathyroidism 618
Hyperparathyroidism 619
• Adrenal Disorders 619
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia 619
Addison’s Disease 621
Cushing Syndrome 622
Hyperaldosteronism 623
Tumors of the Adrenal Medulla 623
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome 624
Diabetes Mellitus 625
• Nursing Management of the Child with
Endocrine Disorders 629
16. Neuromusculoskeletal Nursing 634
• Neurological Examination of Children 635
• Congenital Neuromuscular Disorders 636
• Acquired Neuromuscular Disorders 637
Spina Bifida 637
Meningocele 637
Anencephaly 638
Hydrocephalus 638
Myelomeningocele 640
• Muscular Dystrophy 643
• Muscular Hypotonia in Infancy
(Floppy Infant Syndrome) 647
• Arthrogryposis Multiplex Congentia 647
• Spinal Muscular Atrophy 648
• Spinal Cord Injury 649
• Birth Trauma 650
• Guillain-Barre Syndrome 650
• Myasthenia Gravis 652
• Dermatomyositis 653
• Botulism 654
• Skeletal Disorders in Children 657
Congenital Malformations 657
Skeletal Dysplasias 662
Osteogenesis Imperfecta 662
Osteopetrosis 664
Infantile Cortical Hyperostosis
(Caffey-Symth-Roske Syndrome) 664
Legg-Calve-Perthes Disease 665
Osteomyelitis 666
Pyogenic Arthritis 666
Septic Arthritis 667
Non-rheumatic Arthritis 667
Transient Synovitis of the Hip 668
Scoliosis 668
Skeletal Injuries 670
Sprains 674
Overuse Syndromes 674
Dislocated Radial Head 675
Trauma Related to Birth 675
Sports Injuries 676
Casts and Cast Application 678
Assisting with Cast Removal 680
Skin Care 681
Traction 681
Care of the Child in Traction 683
17. Oncological Nursing 688
• Etiology 688
• Diagnostic Tests 689
• Chemotherapy in Cancer and Nursing 692
• Radiation Therapy in Cancer and Nursing 698
• Nursing Management for the Child with a
Neoplastic Disorder 700
• Leukemia 705
• Lymphomas 708
• Hodgkin Disease 708
• Brain Tumors 712
• Neuroblastoma 714
• Bone and Soft-tissue Tumor 716
• Osteogenic Sarcoma 716
• Wilms’ Tumor 723
• Retinoblastoma 725
• Histiocytosis X 728
• Other Malignant Tumors of Childhood 729
• Cancers in Adolescents 730
18. Hematological Nursing 736
• Anemia 736
Iron Deficiency Anemia 736
Folic Acid Deficiency and Pernicious Anemia 739
Aplastic Anemia 739
• Lead Poisoning 741
• Bone Marrow Transplant 741
Hypoplastic Anemia 746
• Hemoglobinopathies 746
Sickle Cell Disease 746
Thalassemia Major 754
Thalassemia Minor 754
• Leukocytosis 756
• Coagulation and its Abnormalities 758
Clotting Disorders 758
Assessment of Hemostasis 759
Thrombocytopenia 759
Henoch-Schönlein Purpura 761
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation 762
Hemophilia 762
Von Willebrand Disease 767
19. Dermatological Nursing 768
• Infectious Disorders of the Skin 769
• Bacterial Infections 769
Paronychia 770
Cellulitis 770
• Parasitic Infections 773
Pediculosis 773
Scabies 773
Fungal Infections 774
• Hypersensitivity Reactions of the Skin 777
Atopic Dermatitis (Eczema) 777
Contact Dermatitis 782
Diaper Dermatitis 783
Intertrigos 785
Miliaria 785
Erythema Multiforme 785
Urticaria 786
Seborrheic Dermatitis 786
Psoriasis 787
Acne 788
Pressure Ulcers 789
Minor Injuries 790
Burns 790
Sunburn 795
Cold Injury 796
Human and Animal Bites 796
Insect Stings and Spider Bites 797
• Developmental Defects of Skin in Children 800
20. Ophthalmological Nursing 803
• Assessment of the Eye 803
• Care of the Normal Eye 804
• Conjunctivitis and its Management 804
• Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction and its Management 806
• Eyelid Disorders and their Management 806
Chalazion 806
Stye 806
Ptosis 807
Blepharitis 807
Coloboma 807
• Periorbital Cellulitis 807
• Eye Injuries and their Management 808
• Managing Emergent Conditions 810
• Emergency Treatment for Eye Injuries 810
• Visual Disorders 812
Refractive Errors 813
Hyperopia (Hypermetropia, Farsightedness) 813
Myopia (Nearsightedness) 813
Astigmatism 815
Strabismus (Squint) 815
Dacryocystitis 817
Xerophthalmia 817
Amblyopia 818
Nystagmus 818
Miscellaneous Disorders 819
Tips for Ophthalmic Medications 819
Prevention of Ocular Problems in Childhood 820
Infantile Glaucoma 820
Congenital Cataract 821
Visual Impairment 821
Red Eye 823
Membranous Conjunctivitis 823
Uveitis 824
Watering 824
Lid Edema 824
Proptosis 824
Congenital Anomalies 825
Acute Glaucoma 825
Retinoblastoma 825
21. Otological Nursing 827
• Otitis Media 827
Acute Otitis Media 827
Otitis Media with Effusion 829
• Otitis Externa 830
• Hearing Loss 831
• Assessment of Hearing Disorders 832
Criteria for Infants at High Risk for Hearing Loss 833
Nursing Management 833
22. Dental Health Nursing 840
• Assessment of Oral Cavity 840
Development of Teeth 841
Eruption of Teeth 841
Functions of Primary Dentition 842
• Dental Caries 843
Early Childhood Caries 844
Dental Caries of the Dentin 845
• Disorder of Teeth 846
• Dietary Guidelines to Prevent Dental Caries 848
• Periodontal Disease in Children 849
Chronic Gingival Diseases 850
• Dental Malocclusion 851
• Injuries of the Teeth 852
Fractured Roots 852
• Prevention of Dental Disease 853
• Dental Health Care for Children at Home 853
23. Developmental Disturbances in Children 855
• Learning Disability (Dyslexia) 855
• Childhood Autism 857
• Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder 859
• Enuresis (Bedwetting) 862
• Conduct Disorder 863
• Oppositional Defiant Disorder 866
24. Challenged Child and Nursing 867
• Handicapped Child 867
• Cerebral Palsy 870
• Mental Retardation 875
• Medically Fragile Child 881
• Failure to Thrive 886
25. Nursing Intervention in Crisis 890
• Meaning 890
• Characteristics 891
• Responses to Dying and Death 893
• Nurse’s Reaction 894
• Child’s Understanding of Death 895
Family’s Reaction 897
• Settings for Care of the Dying Child 899
Nursing Management 902
26. Pediatric Medications 905
• Actions of Drugs on the Body 906
• Pharmacokinetics 907
• Routes of Administration 908
• Medication Orders 909
• Legal Aspects of Medication 909
• Administering Medications 910
• Nurse’s Responsibility in the
Administration of Medications 911
• Abbreviations Used in Medication 913
• Drug Dosage Calculations 915
• Calculating Dosage 915
• Common Drugs and Drug Dosage
Used in Pediatrics 916
• Drug Therapy in Newborn 924
• Administration of Fluids and Electrolytes 931
27. Common Child Health Nursing Procedures 936
• Hospitalization of a Child 936
• Preadmission Programs 936
• Hospital Policies 937
• Parent Participation 938
• Nursing Procedures 939
Administering a Tepid Water
Administering an Enema to a child 940
Teaching the Mother for
Breastfeeding Procedure 941
Breastfeeding the Ill or Hospitalized Infant 942
Infant Formula and Bottle Feeding 942
Weaning 945
Nasogastric Feeding 945
Gastrostomy Feeding 947
Nasojejunal Feeding 948
Specimen Collection 950
Assisting with Collection of
Blood Specimen 953
Catheterization of the Urinary Bladder 959
Twenty-four Hour Urine Collection from
Small Children 959
Stool Examination 961
CSF Examination 963
Assisting with a Spinal Tap (Lumbar Puncture) 964
Maintenance of Fluid and Electrolyte for
Infants and Children 965
Total Parenteral Nutrition (Hyperalimentation) 968
Assisting with Exchange Transfusion 971
Chest Physiotherapy 974
Assisting the Child with Coughing 975
Suctioning 976
Care of a Child with Tracheostomy 978
Oxygen Therapy for Children 980
Continuous Positive Airway Pressure 983
Preservation of Shunt and Separation of the
Cannula 986
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in Children 988
• Artificial Respiration 990
Technique for Artificial Respiration 990
External Cardiac Massage 992
General Principles 992
• Administration of Medication and Fluids 993
Intramuscular Injection 993
Subcutaneous Injection 993
Intradermal Injection 994
Venipuncture 994
Intravenous Infusion 995
Scalp Vein Infusion 995
Umbilical Vein Catheterization 997
Arterial Puncture 998
Intraosseous Infusion 998
Subcutaneous Infusion 999
Intraperitoneal Infusion 999
Rectal Infusion 1000
Bone Marrow Aspiration 1000
Subdural Puncture or Tap 1002
Ventricular Tap 1003
Pericardiocentesis 1004
Abdominal Paracentesis 1004
Suprapubic Bladder Aspiration 1005
Heel Puncture 1005
Kidney Biopsy 1006
Intubation 1007
Phototherapy 1007
Exchange Transfusion 1008
Lymph Node Biopsy 1008
• Cardiac Resuscitation 1010
28. Nursing Process in Child Health Nursing 1015
• Nursing Process 1015
• Steps of Nursing Process 1016
Assessment 1017
Nursing Diagnosis 1019
Planning 1020
Implementation 1022
Evaluation 1023
Index 1037
• A comprehensive and concise text on the subject.
• Covers syllabus prescribed by the statutory bodies.
• Contains chapters on topics, such as management of specific disorders, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, assessment and diagnosis, medical and nursing management.
• Presents the nursing care plans to clarify the nurses’ responsibility in caring for children with specific disorders.
• Includes the common procedures related to child health nursing.
978-93-5152-900-2
Raj Pustak Mandir, Jaipur
Medical
610.7362 / BAS
Child Health Nursing - New Delhi Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers Pvt. Ltd. c2015 - 1047
This book is intended to provide an easily comprehensible non-intimidating and concise text on the subject matter of Child Health Nursing to nursing student of all levels. There was a felt need among nursing students and teachers to have text which suits them. Significant changes have been made in the presentation of the subject with the requirement of the nursing students in mind. Subject areas have been regrouped and made more concise and relevant to the needs of the today’s students. The information provided is based on established knowledge and practice. Every attempt has been made to maintain simplicity and lucidity of language and style.
Contents
1. Introduction to Child Health Nursing 1
• Evolution of Child Health Nursing 2
• Rights of the Child 3
• Goals of Children Health 4
• Child Health Movements in India 5
• National Policy for Children 6
Maternal and Child Health 9
Maternal and Child Health Programs 11
• Reproductive and Child Health Program 13
• Child Welfare Services in India 16
• Nutrition Programs 17
• Integrated Management of Neonatal and
Childhood Illness Strategy 21
• Philosophy of Child Health Nursing 21
• Goals of Child Health Nursing 23
• Role of Pediatric Nurse 24
Expanded Roles of Pediatric Nurse 29
• Standards of Care and Professional Performance of
Pediatric Nurse 30
• Current Trends in Child Health Care 31
2. Assessment of Pediatric Client 35
• Health Interview 36
Techniques of Obtaining Client History 38
• Physical Examination 43
3. Hospitalized Child 72
• Problems of Hospitalization of Children 72
• Children Reactions to Hospitalization 73
• Factors Affecting Children’s Response to
Hospitalization 75
• Family Reactions to the Hospitalized Child 76
Nursing Care for a Hospitalized Child 77
Admitting the Child to the Hospital 81
Maintaining Safety during Hospitalization 82
Providing Basic Care to the Hospitalized Child 85
Addressing the Effects of Hospitalization
Developmentally 87
Providing Play, Activities and Recreation for
the Hospitalized Child 88
Promoting Schoolwork and Education during
Hospitalization 89
Addressing the Needs of Family Members 89
4. Genetics and Prenatal Pediatrics 91
• Chromosomes 91
• Traditional Inheritance Pattern 92
• Non-traditional Inheritance Patterns 94
• Conception 98
• Development of the Embryo 99
• Fetal Maturation 104
• Significance of Screening to Families 109
• Prenatal Diagnosis for Genetic Abnormalities 110
• Genetic Evaluation and Counseling 112
• Genetic Counseling 113
• Role of the Nurse in Genetic Counseling 116
5. Growth and Development in Children 123
• Principles of Development 125
• Factors Influencing Growth and Development 130
• Biological Growth and Development
in Children 135
• Intellectual Development in Children 137
• Psychosocial Development in Children 141
Moral Development 143
Development of Intergroup Attitudes 145
Personality Development (Freud) 146
Defense Mechanisms (Coping Mechanism) 147
Role of Nurses in Psychosocial
Development 148
Development of Sexuality 149
• Need for Developmental Assessment 151
• A Summary of Growth and Development 152
• Assessment of Physical Growth 163
Growth Monitoring 166
Assessment of Development 170
6. Behavioral Pediatrics and Nursing 174
• Child Behavior and Family 174
• Motivation for Parenthood 175
• Preparation for Parenthood 175
• Transition to Parenthood 175
• Parenting Behaviors 177
• Strategies to Minimize Misbehavior and
Maintain Discipline 179
• Strategies for Implementing Discipline 180
• Influence of the ‘Experts’ in Child Rearing 181
• Behavior Problems in Children 182
Conduct Disorder 183
Oppositional Defiant Disorder 184
Pervasive Developmental Disorders 184
Autism Spectrum Disorder 185
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder 186
Specific Developmental Disorders 189
Anxiety Disorders 191
Mood Disorders 193
Developmental Disorders 195
Habit Disorders 196
Eating Disorders 197
• Abuse and Violence 198
• Management of Child with Behavioral Problems 200
• Nursing Management of Child with a
Mental Health Disorder 205
7. Community Pediatrics and Nursing 210
• Levels of Prevention 211
• Vital Statistics of Children 211
• National Health Programs 213
National Rural Health Mission 2005–2012 213
National Programs Related to Mother and
Child Care 215
National Programs Related to Control of
Communicable Diseases 230
National AIDS and STD Control Program 235
Nutritional Programs Related to Control of
Nutritional Deficiencies and Disorders 236
National Programs Related to Control of
Non-communicable Diseases 238
Under Five Clinics 241
• Areas in Community Pediatrics Requiring
Special Attention 243
Child Labor 243
Handicapped Child 246
Girl Child 247
Accidents 249
8. Neonatal Nursing (Normal) 251
• Factors Interfering with on Adjustment of
Normal Full-term Newborn in Each Body System 251
• Physical Characteristics of Newborn 255
• Physiological Characteristics of Newborn 256
• Assessment of Newborn 257
• Care of the Normal Neonate 263
Nourishment and Fluids for Newborn 273
Love—Parent-Infant Attachment 281
• Special Needs of Neonate 281
• Nursing Management of Normal Newborn 284
9. Neonatal Nursing (High-risk) 290
• Classification of High-risk Neonate 290
• Preterm Newborn 291
• Post-term Newborn 292
• Common Problems of High-risk Newborn 297
Apnea of Prematurity/Neonatal Apnea 297
Idiopathic Respiratory Distress Syndrome 299
Meconium Aspiration Syndrome 301
Extraneous Air Syndrome 302
Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia 303
Pulmonary Dysmaturity
(Wilson-Mikity Syndrome) 304
Atelectasis 304
Neonatal Sepsis 305
Necrotizing Enterocolitis 306
Patent Ductus Arteriosus 308
Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension of
Neonate 309
Physiologic Anemia 310
Polycythemia 311
Retinopathy of Prematurity 311
• Neurologic Problems of Neonate 312
Perinatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Injury 312
Germinal Matrix-Intraventricular Hemorrhage 313
Intracranial Hemorrhage 314
Neonatal Seizures 314
Infants of Diabetic Mother 316
Narcotic Addiction/Drug Exposed Infants 317
Fetal Alcoholic Syndrome 318
• Neonatal Defects in Physical Development 319
Defects of Neural Tube Closure 319
Spina Bifida 319
Hydrocephalus 327
• Problems of Physiologic Factors 331
Hyperbilirubinemia 331
Blood Incompatibility 333
• Metabolic Complications 336
• Maternal Infections 336
• Congenital Abnormalities 339
• Chromosomal Abnormalities 339
• Defects Caused by Chemical Agents 340
• Inborn Errors of Metabolism 341
• Congenital Hypothyroidism 341
• Phenylketonuria 342
• Galactosemia 344
10. Pediatric Intensive Care Unit 346
• Pediatric Nursing Unit 346
Location 346
Design 346
Introduction to PICU 347
Problems at PICU and its Measures 348
Organization of PICU 349
Human Resource for PICU 350
Services of PICU 350
• Techniques of Monitoring Child in PICU 351
Evaluation of Ventilatory Status 353
• Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation 355
• Neonatal Care Unit 359
11. Respiratory Nursing in Children 363
• Respiration 363
• Common Symptoms Related to
Respiratory Diseases 365
• Acute Respiratory Infections 367
Common Cold (Acute Viral Rhinitis) 367
Sinusitis 368
Influenza 369
Pharyngitis (Acute Sore Throat) 370
Tonsillitis 371
Infectious Mononucleosis 372
Otitis Media 372
Tonsils and Adenoids 375
Acute Obstructive Laryngitis (Croup) 378
Tracheobronchitis 381
Epiglottitis 381
Bronchiolitis 383
Pneumonia 386
Bronchitis 391
Tuberculosis 391
Epistaxis 395
Foreign Body Aspiration 396
Respiratory Distress Syndrome 396
Pneumothorax 397
Allergic Rhinitis 398
Asthma 399
Chronic Lung Disease 408
Cystic Fibrosis 408
Apnea 411
Respiratory Failure 413
12. Gastrointestinal Nursing 419
• Assessment of Gastrointestinal Disorder 420
• General Care for Gastrointestinal Disorders 421
• Diarrheal Diseases in Children 427
Acute Diarrhea 427
Cholera 435
Acute Bacillary Dysentery (Shigellosis) 438
Pseudomembranous Colitis (Clostridium
difficile-associated Diarrhea) 438
• Oral Rehydration Therapy 439
• Persistent Diarrhea 440
• Chronic Diarrhea 442
• Oral Candidiasis (Thrush) 445
• Oral Lesions 446
• Vomiting 446
• Dehydration 449
• Anorectal Malformations 450
• Inguinal and Umbilical Hernias 451
• Omphalocele and Gastroschisis 451
• Meckel Diverticulum 452
• Esophageal Atresia and Tracheoesophageal
Fistula 453
• Cleft Lip and Cleft Palate 454
Speech, Hearing and Dentition 456
Surgical Nursing Management 457
• Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis 459
• Rumination 462
• Gastroesophageal Reflux 463
• Appendicitis 467
• Malrotation and Volvulus 468
• Intestinal Obstruction 468
Duodenal Obstruction 468
Jejunal and Ileal Atresias 469
Volvulus 469
• Peptic Ulcer Disease 469
• Intussusception 471
• Constipation 472
• Encopresis 474
• Hirschsprung Disease (Congenital Aganglionic
Megacolon) 476
• Short Bowel Syndrome 477
• Inflammatory Bowel Disease 478
• Crohn Disease 479
• Ulcerative Colitis 480
• Celiac Disease 483
• Recurrent Abdominal Pain 485
• Chronic Abdominal Pain 487
• Pancreatitis 488
• Cholelithiasis 488
• Jaundice 489
• Biliary Atresia 490
• Hepatitis 491
• Cirrhosis and Portal Hypertension 492
• Liver Transplantation 493
13. Reno-urological Nursing 494
• Retroperitoneal Structure 494
• Development of Kidney and Ureter 495
• Assessment of Kidney and Urinary Tract 496
• Assessment of a Child with a Urologic Problem 498
• Urinary Tract Infection 500
• Enuresis 506
• Nephrotic Syndrome 508
• Acute Glomerulonephritis 515
• Chronic Glomerulonephritis 517
• Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome 518
• Henoch-Schönlein Purpura (Anaphylactoid) 519
• Familial Renal Disease 519
• Renal Failure 520
Acute Renal Failure 520
Chronic Renal Failure 523
• Dialysis and Transplantation 525
Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis 527
Hemodialysis in Children 528
Renal Transplantation 529
14 Cardiovascular Nursing 534
• Assessment of Cardiovascular System 535
• Congenital Heart Disease 542
• Tetralogy of Fallot 545
• Tricuspid Atresia 546
• Atrial Septal Defect 548
• Ventricular Septal Defect 549
• Atrioventricular Canal Defect 550
• Patent Ductus Arteriosus 551
• Coarctation of the Aorta 553
• Aortic Stenosis 554
• Pulmonary Stenosis 555
• Transposition of the Great Vessels Arteries 557
• Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous
Connection 558
• Truncus Arteriosus 559
• Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome 561
• Nursing Management of the Child with
Congenital Heart Disease 562
• Cardiac Surgery in Children 563
• Nursing Management of Cardiac
Surgery in Children 565
• Heart Failure 576
• Congestive Heart Failure 576
• Infective Endocarditis 584
• Acute Rheumatic Fever 585
• Cardiomyopathy 586
• Hypertension 587
• Kawasaki Disease 590
• Hyperlipidemia 591
• Atherosclerosis 592
• Heart Transplantation 593
• Nursing Care of the Child with a
Cardiovascular Disorder 595
15. Endocrinological Nursing 600
• Assessment of a Child with an Endocrine
Problem 601
Disorders of Endocrine Gland 604
• Disorders of Pituitary Gland 604
Anterior Pituitary Primary Disorders 604
Posterior Pituitary Disorders 608
• Disorders of Thyroid 611
Congenital Hypothyroidism 611
Acquired Hypothyroidism (Juvenile
Hypothyroidism) 613
Hyperthyroidism 615
Transient Neonatal Thyrotoxicosis 617
• Disorders of Parathyroid 618
Hypoparathyroidism 618
Hyperparathyroidism 619
• Adrenal Disorders 619
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia 619
Addison’s Disease 621
Cushing Syndrome 622
Hyperaldosteronism 623
Tumors of the Adrenal Medulla 623
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome 624
Diabetes Mellitus 625
• Nursing Management of the Child with
Endocrine Disorders 629
16. Neuromusculoskeletal Nursing 634
• Neurological Examination of Children 635
• Congenital Neuromuscular Disorders 636
• Acquired Neuromuscular Disorders 637
Spina Bifida 637
Meningocele 637
Anencephaly 638
Hydrocephalus 638
Myelomeningocele 640
• Muscular Dystrophy 643
• Muscular Hypotonia in Infancy
(Floppy Infant Syndrome) 647
• Arthrogryposis Multiplex Congentia 647
• Spinal Muscular Atrophy 648
• Spinal Cord Injury 649
• Birth Trauma 650
• Guillain-Barre Syndrome 650
• Myasthenia Gravis 652
• Dermatomyositis 653
• Botulism 654
• Skeletal Disorders in Children 657
Congenital Malformations 657
Skeletal Dysplasias 662
Osteogenesis Imperfecta 662
Osteopetrosis 664
Infantile Cortical Hyperostosis
(Caffey-Symth-Roske Syndrome) 664
Legg-Calve-Perthes Disease 665
Osteomyelitis 666
Pyogenic Arthritis 666
Septic Arthritis 667
Non-rheumatic Arthritis 667
Transient Synovitis of the Hip 668
Scoliosis 668
Skeletal Injuries 670
Sprains 674
Overuse Syndromes 674
Dislocated Radial Head 675
Trauma Related to Birth 675
Sports Injuries 676
Casts and Cast Application 678
Assisting with Cast Removal 680
Skin Care 681
Traction 681
Care of the Child in Traction 683
17. Oncological Nursing 688
• Etiology 688
• Diagnostic Tests 689
• Chemotherapy in Cancer and Nursing 692
• Radiation Therapy in Cancer and Nursing 698
• Nursing Management for the Child with a
Neoplastic Disorder 700
• Leukemia 705
• Lymphomas 708
• Hodgkin Disease 708
• Brain Tumors 712
• Neuroblastoma 714
• Bone and Soft-tissue Tumor 716
• Osteogenic Sarcoma 716
• Wilms’ Tumor 723
• Retinoblastoma 725
• Histiocytosis X 728
• Other Malignant Tumors of Childhood 729
• Cancers in Adolescents 730
18. Hematological Nursing 736
• Anemia 736
Iron Deficiency Anemia 736
Folic Acid Deficiency and Pernicious Anemia 739
Aplastic Anemia 739
• Lead Poisoning 741
• Bone Marrow Transplant 741
Hypoplastic Anemia 746
• Hemoglobinopathies 746
Sickle Cell Disease 746
Thalassemia Major 754
Thalassemia Minor 754
• Leukocytosis 756
• Coagulation and its Abnormalities 758
Clotting Disorders 758
Assessment of Hemostasis 759
Thrombocytopenia 759
Henoch-Schönlein Purpura 761
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation 762
Hemophilia 762
Von Willebrand Disease 767
19. Dermatological Nursing 768
• Infectious Disorders of the Skin 769
• Bacterial Infections 769
Paronychia 770
Cellulitis 770
• Parasitic Infections 773
Pediculosis 773
Scabies 773
Fungal Infections 774
• Hypersensitivity Reactions of the Skin 777
Atopic Dermatitis (Eczema) 777
Contact Dermatitis 782
Diaper Dermatitis 783
Intertrigos 785
Miliaria 785
Erythema Multiforme 785
Urticaria 786
Seborrheic Dermatitis 786
Psoriasis 787
Acne 788
Pressure Ulcers 789
Minor Injuries 790
Burns 790
Sunburn 795
Cold Injury 796
Human and Animal Bites 796
Insect Stings and Spider Bites 797
• Developmental Defects of Skin in Children 800
20. Ophthalmological Nursing 803
• Assessment of the Eye 803
• Care of the Normal Eye 804
• Conjunctivitis and its Management 804
• Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction and its Management 806
• Eyelid Disorders and their Management 806
Chalazion 806
Stye 806
Ptosis 807
Blepharitis 807
Coloboma 807
• Periorbital Cellulitis 807
• Eye Injuries and their Management 808
• Managing Emergent Conditions 810
• Emergency Treatment for Eye Injuries 810
• Visual Disorders 812
Refractive Errors 813
Hyperopia (Hypermetropia, Farsightedness) 813
Myopia (Nearsightedness) 813
Astigmatism 815
Strabismus (Squint) 815
Dacryocystitis 817
Xerophthalmia 817
Amblyopia 818
Nystagmus 818
Miscellaneous Disorders 819
Tips for Ophthalmic Medications 819
Prevention of Ocular Problems in Childhood 820
Infantile Glaucoma 820
Congenital Cataract 821
Visual Impairment 821
Red Eye 823
Membranous Conjunctivitis 823
Uveitis 824
Watering 824
Lid Edema 824
Proptosis 824
Congenital Anomalies 825
Acute Glaucoma 825
Retinoblastoma 825
21. Otological Nursing 827
• Otitis Media 827
Acute Otitis Media 827
Otitis Media with Effusion 829
• Otitis Externa 830
• Hearing Loss 831
• Assessment of Hearing Disorders 832
Criteria for Infants at High Risk for Hearing Loss 833
Nursing Management 833
22. Dental Health Nursing 840
• Assessment of Oral Cavity 840
Development of Teeth 841
Eruption of Teeth 841
Functions of Primary Dentition 842
• Dental Caries 843
Early Childhood Caries 844
Dental Caries of the Dentin 845
• Disorder of Teeth 846
• Dietary Guidelines to Prevent Dental Caries 848
• Periodontal Disease in Children 849
Chronic Gingival Diseases 850
• Dental Malocclusion 851
• Injuries of the Teeth 852
Fractured Roots 852
• Prevention of Dental Disease 853
• Dental Health Care for Children at Home 853
23. Developmental Disturbances in Children 855
• Learning Disability (Dyslexia) 855
• Childhood Autism 857
• Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder 859
• Enuresis (Bedwetting) 862
• Conduct Disorder 863
• Oppositional Defiant Disorder 866
24. Challenged Child and Nursing 867
• Handicapped Child 867
• Cerebral Palsy 870
• Mental Retardation 875
• Medically Fragile Child 881
• Failure to Thrive 886
25. Nursing Intervention in Crisis 890
• Meaning 890
• Characteristics 891
• Responses to Dying and Death 893
• Nurse’s Reaction 894
• Child’s Understanding of Death 895
Family’s Reaction 897
• Settings for Care of the Dying Child 899
Nursing Management 902
26. Pediatric Medications 905
• Actions of Drugs on the Body 906
• Pharmacokinetics 907
• Routes of Administration 908
• Medication Orders 909
• Legal Aspects of Medication 909
• Administering Medications 910
• Nurse’s Responsibility in the
Administration of Medications 911
• Abbreviations Used in Medication 913
• Drug Dosage Calculations 915
• Calculating Dosage 915
• Common Drugs and Drug Dosage
Used in Pediatrics 916
• Drug Therapy in Newborn 924
• Administration of Fluids and Electrolytes 931
27. Common Child Health Nursing Procedures 936
• Hospitalization of a Child 936
• Preadmission Programs 936
• Hospital Policies 937
• Parent Participation 938
• Nursing Procedures 939
Administering a Tepid Water
Administering an Enema to a child 940
Teaching the Mother for
Breastfeeding Procedure 941
Breastfeeding the Ill or Hospitalized Infant 942
Infant Formula and Bottle Feeding 942
Weaning 945
Nasogastric Feeding 945
Gastrostomy Feeding 947
Nasojejunal Feeding 948
Specimen Collection 950
Assisting with Collection of
Blood Specimen 953
Catheterization of the Urinary Bladder 959
Twenty-four Hour Urine Collection from
Small Children 959
Stool Examination 961
CSF Examination 963
Assisting with a Spinal Tap (Lumbar Puncture) 964
Maintenance of Fluid and Electrolyte for
Infants and Children 965
Total Parenteral Nutrition (Hyperalimentation) 968
Assisting with Exchange Transfusion 971
Chest Physiotherapy 974
Assisting the Child with Coughing 975
Suctioning 976
Care of a Child with Tracheostomy 978
Oxygen Therapy for Children 980
Continuous Positive Airway Pressure 983
Preservation of Shunt and Separation of the
Cannula 986
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in Children 988
• Artificial Respiration 990
Technique for Artificial Respiration 990
External Cardiac Massage 992
General Principles 992
• Administration of Medication and Fluids 993
Intramuscular Injection 993
Subcutaneous Injection 993
Intradermal Injection 994
Venipuncture 994
Intravenous Infusion 995
Scalp Vein Infusion 995
Umbilical Vein Catheterization 997
Arterial Puncture 998
Intraosseous Infusion 998
Subcutaneous Infusion 999
Intraperitoneal Infusion 999
Rectal Infusion 1000
Bone Marrow Aspiration 1000
Subdural Puncture or Tap 1002
Ventricular Tap 1003
Pericardiocentesis 1004
Abdominal Paracentesis 1004
Suprapubic Bladder Aspiration 1005
Heel Puncture 1005
Kidney Biopsy 1006
Intubation 1007
Phototherapy 1007
Exchange Transfusion 1008
Lymph Node Biopsy 1008
• Cardiac Resuscitation 1010
28. Nursing Process in Child Health Nursing 1015
• Nursing Process 1015
• Steps of Nursing Process 1016
Assessment 1017
Nursing Diagnosis 1019
Planning 1020
Implementation 1022
Evaluation 1023
Index 1037
• A comprehensive and concise text on the subject.
• Covers syllabus prescribed by the statutory bodies.
• Contains chapters on topics, such as management of specific disorders, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, assessment and diagnosis, medical and nursing management.
• Presents the nursing care plans to clarify the nurses’ responsibility in caring for children with specific disorders.
• Includes the common procedures related to child health nursing.
978-93-5152-900-2
Raj Pustak Mandir, Jaipur
Medical
610.7362 / BAS