For over four decades Ghai Essential Pediatrics has been the subcontinent’s most trusted resource for undergraduate and postgraduate teaching in pediatrics. With contributions from more than 40 experts, the ninth edition is thoroughly updated and revised to ensure that the reader has access to latest information on diagnoses and therapies.

Unique features of this edition
Emphasis on recognition and management of common pediatric conditions
Liberal use of algorithms and tables emphasizing differential diagnosis, and integrating strategies for evaluation and management
Updated guidelines on diagnosis and management of hypertension, tuberculosis and other infections,and diabetes mellitus
Extensively revised chapters on nutrition, growth, adolescent health, immunization, infections, gastrointestinal system,malignancies,and inborn errors of metabolism
Fresh perspectives from new contributing authors on disorders of development, central nervous system,otorhinolaryngology,micronutrients,poisonings and IMNCI
Easy to locate key content through unique color design
References to relevant websites and updated resources for suggested reading
Free access to dedicated App that provides resource of related clinical photographs, radiographs, tables and algorithms to enhance student-learning and support class-teaching

Contents
Preface to the Ninth Edition vii
Preface to the First Edition ix
List of Contributors xi
1. Introduction to Pediatrics 1
Vinod K Paul
Pediatrics as a specialty 1
Historical perspective 1
Challenge of high child mortality 2
National programs on child health 3
Future of child health 6
2. Growth 7
Ramesh Agarwal, Naveen Sankhyan,
Vandana Jain
Factors affecting growth 7
Somatic growth 11
Assessment of physical growth 11
Disorders of growth 31
Abnormalities of head size and shape 35
3. Development 38
Ramesh Agarwal, Naveen Sankhyan
Normal development 38
4. Developmental and Behavioral
Disorders 54
Biswaroop Chakrabarty, Sheffali Gulati
Global developmental delay, intellectual disability 54
5. Adolescent Health and Development 60
Tushar R Godbole, Vijayalakshmi Bhatia
Physical aspects 60
Problems faced by adolescents 62
Government interventions in adolescent healthcare 67
6. Fluid and Electrolyte Disturbances 68
Kamran Afzal
Composition of body fluids 68
Deficit therapy 71
Sodium 71
Potassium 74
Calcium 76
Magnesium 80
Acid–base disorders 80
7. Nutrition 86
Vinod K Paul, Anuja Agarwala, Rakesh Lodha
Food 86
Dietary standards 88
Balanced diet 90
Normal balanced diet for various age groups 91
Undernutrition 93
Management of malnutrition 97
8. Micronutrients in
Health and Disease 109
Rajni Sharma, Arvind Bagga
Fat-soluble vitamins 109
Water-soluble vitamins 117
Minerals 121
Trace elements 122
9. Newborn Infants 125
Ramesh Agarwal, Vinod K Paul, Ashok K Deorari
Resuscitation of a newborn 126
Level of newborn care 133
Care of normal newborn babies 133
Evaluation of newborn 136
Thermal protection 142
Breastfeeding 145
Care of low birth weight babies 149
Kangaroo mother care 151
Fluid and electrolyte management 154
Infections in the neonates 159
Perinatal asphyxia 162
Respiratory distress 164
Jaundice 168
Congenital malformations 172
Transport of neonates 174
Follow-up of high-risk neonates 175
Metabolic disorders 175
Effect of maternal conditions on fetus and neonates 176
10. Immunization and
Immunodeficiency 178
Aditi Sinha, Surjit Singh
Immunity 178
Primary immunodeficiency disorders 178
Immunization 182
Commonly used vaccines 185
11. Infections and Infestations 205
Tanu Singhal, Rakesh Lodha, Sushil K Kabra
Fever 205
Common viral infections 209
HIV infection, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome 224
Common bacterial infections 234
Tuberculosis 243
Rickettsial and mycoplasma infections 251
Fungal infections 253
Protozoal infections 254
Congenital and perinatal infections 264
Helminthic infestations 265
Rational antimicrobial therapy and antimicrobial
resistance 271
Health care associated infections and infection control 271
12. Diseases of Gastrointestinal System
and Liver 273
Anshu Srivastava, Barath Jagadisan,
Surender K Yachha
Gastrointestinal system 273
Acute diarrhea 287
Persistent diarrhea 293
Chronic diarrhea 295
Gastrointestinal bleeding 303
Disorders of the hepatobiliary system 306
Acute viral hepatitis 310
Liver failure 311
Chronic liver disease 313
Ascites 315
Portal hypertension 316
Autoimmune liver disease 319
Chronic hepatitis B infection 319
Hepatitis C infection 320
Metabolic liver disease 321
Neonatal cholestasis 325
13. Hematological Disorders 329
Tulika Seth
Anemia 329
Iron deficiency anemia 333
Megaloblastic anemia 334
Hemolytic anemias 336
Thalassemias 339
Sickle cell anemia 342
Aplastic anemia 343
Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation 345
Disorders of hemostasis and thrombosis 347
Thrombotic disorders 354
Disorders of white blood cells 355
14. Otorhinolaryngology 357
Prem Sagar, Alok Thakar, Sandeep Samant
Diseases of the ear 357
Diseases of the nose and sinuses 363
Diseases of the oral cavity and pharynx 366
Diseases of the larynx and trachea 368
Diseases of the salivary glands 370
15. Disorders of Respiratory System 371
Sushil K Kabra
Developmental physiology 371
Common respiratory symptoms 372
Investigations for respiratory illnesses 374
Upper respiratory tract infections 375
Lower respiratory tract infections 376
Pneumonia 377
Acute respiratory tract infection control program 380
Bronchiolitis 380
Bronchial asthma 382
Foreign body aspiration 390
Approach to chronic cough 390
Suppurative lung disease 391
Empyema thoracis 391
Cystic fibrosis 392
Acute respiratory distress syndrome 393
16. Disorders of Cardiovascular
System 394
R Krishna Kumar, Manu Raj
Congestive cardiac failure 394
Congenital heart disease 398
Acyanotic congenital heart defects 409
Cyanotic heart disease 417
Obstructive lesions 425
Rheumatic fever 430
Rheumatic heart disease 434
Infective endocarditis 439
Myocardial diseases 442
Pericardial diseases 445
Systemic hypertension 446
Pulmonary arterial hypertension 450
Rhythm disorders 452
Preventing adult cardiovascular disease 458
17. Disorders of Kidney and
Urinary Tract 460
Arvind Bagga, Aditi Sinha, RN Srivastava
Renal anatomy and physiology 460
Diagnostic evaluation 463
Hematuria 466
Proteinuria 468
Acute glomerulonephritis 469
Nephrotic syndrome 472
Chronic glomerulonephritis 478
Interstitial nephritis 478
Urinary tract infections 478
Vesicoureteric reflux 480
Acute kidney injury 482
Hemolytic uremic syndrome 487
Chronic kidney disease 488
Renal replacement therapy 492
Disorders of renal tubular transport 492
Nephrolithiasis and nephrocalcinosis 497
Enuresis 499
Congenital abnormalities of kidney and urinary tract 500
Antenatal hydronephrosis 501
Cystic kidney diseases 502
18. Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders 504
PSN Menon, Anurag Bajpai
General principles 504
Disorders of pituitary gland 505
Disorders of thyroid gland 510
Disorders of calcium metabolism 516
Disorders of adrenal glands 518
Obesity 524
Disorders of the gonadal hormones 529
Disorders of sex development 536
Diabetes mellitus 540
19. Diseases of Central Nervous System 552
Rashmi Kumar
Neurological diagnosis 552
Seizures and epilepsy 553
Congenital malformations 557
Neurocutaneous syndromes 558
Infections and acute encephalitis syndrome 559
Cerebral palsy 564
Neurological regression 565
Ataxia 567
Movement disorders 568
Stroke 570
Paraplegia and quadriplegia 573
Headache 574
Raised intracranial pressure, space occupying lesions and
hydrocephalus 575
Coma 578
20. Neuromuscular Disorders 581
Sheffali Gulati
Approach to evaluation 581
Disorders affecting anterior horn cells 582
Peripheral neuropathies 583
Acute flaccid paralysis 586
Neuromuscular junction disorders 587
Muscle disorders 589
21. Childhood Malignancies 593
Rachna Seth
Leukemias 593
Chronic myeloid leukemia 600
Lymphoma 602
Hodgkin lymphoma 602
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma 604
Retinoblastoma 607
Wilms tumor 609
Neuroblastoma 610
Malignant tumors of the liver 612
Soft tissue sarcoma 612
Bone tumors 613
Brain tumors 614
Histiocytoses 615
Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytoses 617
Oncologic emergencies 617
Late effects and survivorship 618
Bone marrow transplantation 619
22. Rheumatological Disorders 620
Surjit Singh
Arthritis 620
Systemic lupus erythematosus 624
Juvenile dermatomyositis 625
Scleroderma 626
Mixed connective tissue disease 626
Vasculitides 627
23. Genetic Disorders 631
Neerja Gupta, Madhulika Kabra
Chromosomes and genes 631
Chromosomal disorders 632
Down syndrome 635
Turner syndrome 637
Single gene disorders 639
Polygenic inheritance 641
Therapy for genetic disorders 641
Prevention of genetic disorders 642
24. Inborn Errors of Metabolism 644
Neerja Gupta, Madhulika Kabra
Acute presentation 645
Chronic and progressive presentation 647
25. Ophthalmic Disorders 660
Radhika Tandon
Pediatric eye screening 660
Congenital and developmental abnormalities 661
Acquired eye diseases 662
26. Skin Disorders 669
Neena Khanna, Neetu Bhari
Basic principles 669
Genodermatoses 672
Nevi 678
Disorders of skin appendages 683
Dermatitis 681
Bullous disorders 688
Disorders of pigmentation 689
Abnormal vascular responses 690
Infections 692
Diseases caused by arthropods 699
Miscellaneous dermatoses 701
27. Poisonings, Injuries and
Accidents 704
Jhuma Sankar
Injuries and poisoning 704
Road traffic accidents and falls 704
Burns, electrical and inhalational injuries 705
Drowning and near drowning 707
Choking and suffocation 707
Poisoning 707
Common poisonings 712
Envenomations 716
Injury control 719
28. Pediatric Critical Care 721
Praveen Narsaria, Rakesh Lodha
Assessment of a seriously ill child 721
Pediatric basic and advanced life support 722
Shock 727
Nutrition in the critically ill 731
Sedation, analgesia and paralysis 731
Health care associated infections 732
Blood transfusions 733
29. Important Medical Procedures 736
Arvind Bagga
Removal of an aspirated foreign body 736
Nasogastric tube insertion 737
Central venous cannulation 737
Capillary blood (heel prick) 738
Umbilical vessel catheterization 738
Arterial catheterization 739
Intraosseous infusion 739
Lumbar puncture 740
Thoracocentesis or pleural tap 741
Abdominal paracentesis or ascitic tap 741
Catheterization of bladder 742
Peritoneal dialysis 742
Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy 743
Liver biopsy 744
30. Rational Drug Therapy 746
Anu Thukral, Kana Ram Jat
31. Integrated Management of Neonatal
and Childhood Illness 766
Ajay Khera, Varun Alwadhi
Iintegrated management of neonatal and childhood illness
strategy 766
Outpatient management of young infants age
up to 2 months 768
Outpatient management of sick child age 2 months up to
5 years 770
Assess and classify the sick young infants 775
32. Rights of Children 786
Rajeev Seth
Child abuse and neglect 788
Adoption 789
Index 791