Principles of Data Communication Systems and Computer Networks is a comprehensive coverage of Digital communication, Data Communication Protocols and Mobile Computing.It covers topics Multiplexing & Multiple accesses Radio Communications Terrestrial & Satellite Error Detection & CorrectionISO/ OSI Protocol ArchitectureWired Internet DNS, RADIUS, Firewalls, VPNCellular Mobile Communication GPS, CTI, Wireless Internet Multimedia Communication over IP Networks

Contents
Part 1
Digital Communication Systems
Chapter 1
Basics of Communication Systems .................................................................................................. 27
1.1 Basic Telecommunication System ....................................................................................... 27
1.2 Types of Communication ....................................................................................................... 31
1.3 Transmission Impairments ................................................................................................... 32
1.4 Analog versus Digital Transmission ................................................................................... 33
Summary ............................................................................................................................................... 34
References ............................................................................................................................................ 35
Questions .............................................................................................................................................. 35
Exercise ................................................................................................................................................. 35
Project ................................................................................................................................................... 35
Chapter 2
Information Theory .......................................................................................................................... 36
2.1 Requirements of a Communication System....................................................................... 36
2.2 Entropy of an Information Source ....................................................................................... 39
2.3 Channel Capacity .................................................................................................................... 40
2.4 Shannon’s Theorems ............................................................................................................. 41
2.4.1 Source Coding Theorem .............................................................................................................. 42
2.4.2 Channel Coding Theorem ............................................................................................................ 43
Summary ............................................................................................................................................... 44
References ............................................................................................................................................ 44
Questions ..................................................................................................................
8
3.4 Terrestrial Radio .................................................................................................................... 49
3.4.1 Radio Spectrum ............................................................................................................................ 51
3.5 Satellite Radio ......................................................................................................................... 53
3.6 Radio Spectrum Management.............................................................................................. 55
3.6.1 Spectrum Management Activities ................................................................................................ 56
3.6.2 Cost of Spectrum .......................................................................................................................... 57
Summary ............................................................................................................................................... 57
References ............................................................................................................................................ 58
Questions .............................................................................................................................................. 58
Exercise ................................................................................................................................................. 58
Projects ................................................................................................................................................. 58
Chapter 4
Coding of Text, Voice, Image and Video Signals............................................................................. 59
4.1 Text Messages ....................................................................................................................... 59
4.2 Voice ......................................................................................................................................... 61
4.2.1 Waveform Coding ......................................................................................................................... 62
4.2.2 Vocoding ....................................................................................................................................... 65
4.3 Image ........................................................................................................................................ 67
4.4 Video ......................................................................................................................................... 68
Summary ............................................................................................................................................... 70
References ............................................................................................................................................ 71
Questions .............................................................................................................................................. 71
Exercise ................................................................................................................................................. 71
Projects ................................................................................................................................................. 72
Chapter 5
Error Detection and Correction ....................................................................................................... 73
5.1 Need for Error Detection and Correction ......................................................................... 73
5.2 Error Detection....................................................................................................................... 75
5.2.1 Parity ............................................................................................................................................ 75
5.2.2 Block Codes ................................................................................................................................. 75
5.3 Error Correction..................................................................................................................... 81
Summary ............................................................................................................................................... 82
References ............................................................................................................................................ 82
Questions .............................................................................................................................................. 82
Exercise ................................................................................................................................................. 82
Projects ................................................................................................................................................. 83
Contents 9
Chapter 6
Digital Encoding ............................................................................................................................... 84
6.1 Requirements for Digital Encoding .................................................................................... 84
6.2 Categories of Encoding Schemes........................................................................................ 85
6.3 Non Return to Zero Invertive (NRZ-I) .............................................................................. 85
6.4 Non-Return to Zero Level (NRZ-L) ................................................................................... 86
6.5 Manchester.............................................................................................................................. 86
6.6 RS232 Standard ....................................................................................................................... 87
6.7 Bipolar Alternate Mark Inversion (Bipolar AMI) ........................................................... 87
6.8 High-Density Bipolar 3 (HDB3) .......................................................................................... 87
Summary ............................................................................................................................................... 88
References ............................................................................................................................................ 88
Questions .............................................................................................................................................. 89
Exercise ................................................................................................................................................. 89
Project ................................................................................................................................................... 89
Chapter 7
Multiplexing ...................................................................................................................................... 90
7.1 Multiplexing and De-multiplexing ...................................................................................... 90
7.2 Frequency Division Multiplexing ........................................................................................ 91
7.3 Time Division Multiplexing ................................................................................................. 92
7.3.1 Statistical Time Division Multiplexing ........................................................................................ 94
7.4 Wave Division Multiplexing ................................................................................................. 95
7.4.1 Dense Wave Division Multiplexing .............................................................................................. 95
Summary ............................................................................................................................................... 96
References ............................................................................................................................................ 96
Questions .............................................................................................................................................. 96
Exercise ................................................................................................................................................. 96
Projects ................................................................................................................................................. 97
Chapter 8
Multiple Access ................................................................................................................................ 98
8.1 Frequency Division Multiple Access.................................................................................. 98
8.2 Space Division Multiple Access .......................................................................................... 99
8.3 Time Division Multiple Access ........................................................................................ 100
8.3.1 Time Division Multiple Access–Frequency Division Duplex (TDMA-FDD) ............................. 102
8.3.2 Time Division Multiple Access–Time Division Duplex (TDMA-TDD)......................................103
8.4 FDMA/TDMA...................................................................................................................... 104
10
8.5 Code Division Multiple Access ........................................................................................ 105
8.5.1 Frequency Hopping (FH) ............................................................................................................ 105
8.5.2 Direct Sequence CDMA .............................................................................................................107
8.6 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) .............................................. 108
8.7 Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA) ........................................................................ 108
Summary ............................................................................................................................................. 109
References .......................................................................................................................................... 109
Contents 11
10.7 Telecommunication Standards ........................................................................................ 129
10.8 Cost...................................................................................................................................... 130
Summary ............................................................................................................................................. 130
References .......................................................................................................................................... 130
Questions ............................................................................................................................................131
Exercise ............................................................................................................................................... 131
Projects ............................................................................................................................................... 131
Chapter 11
Public Switched Telephone Network ............................................................................................. 133
11.1 PSTN Network Elements................................................................................................. 133
11.1.1 The subscriber terminal .......................................................................................................... 134
11.1.2 Local loop .................................................................................................................................. 135
11.1.3 Switch ....................................................................................................................................... 135
11.1.4 Trunks ......................................................................................................................................136
11.2 Local Loop .......................................................................................................................... 137
11.3 Switching Concepts ........................................................................................................... 138
11.4 Trunking Systems.............................................................................................................. 140
11.5 Signaling .............................................................................................................................. 142
Summary ............................................................................................................................................. 143
References .......................................................................................................................................... 143
Questions ............................................................................................................................................143
Exercise ............................................................................................................................................... 144
Projects ............................................................................................................................................... 144
Chapter 12
Terrestrial Radio Communication Systems .................................................................................... 145
12.1 Advantages of Terrestrial Radio Systems .................................................................... 145
12.2 Radio Communication System ........................................................................................ 146
12.3 Broadcasting Systems ...................................................................................................... 148
12.3.1 Audio Broadcasting .................................................................................................................. 148
12.3.2 TV Broadcasting ...................................................................................................................... 148
12.4 Wireless Local Loops....................................................................................................... 149
12.4.1 Shared Radio Systems .............................................................................................................151
12.4.2 Digital Local Loops .................................................................................................................. 152
12.5 Cordless Telephony .......................................................................................................... 155
12.5.1 Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications (DECT)....................................................... 155
12.6 Trunked Radio Systems ................................................................................................... 159
12.6.1 TETRA......................................................................................................................................159
12
Summary ............................................................................................................................................. 161
References .......................................................................................................................................... 161
Questions ............................................................................................................................................161
Exercise ............................................................................................................................................... 162
Projects ............................................................................................................................................... 162
Chapter 13
Satellite Communication Systems .................................................................................................. 163
13.1 Applications of Satellites.................................................................................................. 163
13.2 Architecture of a Satellite Communication System..................................................... 164
13.2.1 Frequencies of Operation ........................................................................................................166
13.3 Problems in Satellite Communication ........................................................................... 166
13.4 Multiple Access Techniques........................................................................................... 167
13.4.1 DAMA-SCPC ........................................................................................................................... 168
13.4.2 TDM-SCPC .............................................................................................................................. 170
13.4.3 TDMA ....................................................................................................................................... 172
13.5 A Representative Network.............................................................................................. 173
Summary ............................................................................................................................................. 174
References .......................................................................................................................................... 175
Questions ............................................................................................................................................175
Exercise ............................................................................................................................................... 175
Projects ............................................................................................................................................... 175
Chapter 14
Optical Fiber Communication Systems .......................................................................................... 176
14.1 Evolution of Optical Fiber Communication .................................................................. 176
14.1.1 Multi-mode Optical Fiber Communication .............................................................................. 177
14.1.2 Single-mode Optical Fiber Communication ............................................................................ 177
14.1.3 Wave Division Multiplexing Systems ......................................................................................178
14.2 Optical Networks .............................................................................................................. 180
14.2.1 SONET/SDH ............................................................................................................................ 180
14.2.2 Optical Transport Networks .................................................................................................... 182
14.3 Broadband Services to the Home/Office ...................................................................... 183
Summary ............................................................................................................................................. 184
References .......................................................................................................................................... 185
Questions ............................................................................................................................................185
Exercise ............................................................................................................................................... 185
Projects ............................................................................................................................................... 185
Contents 13
Part 2
Data Communication Protocols and Computer Networking
Chapter 15
Issues in Computer Networking .................................................................................................... 189
15.1 The Beginning of the Internet........................................................................................ 189
15.2 Services and Applications................................................................................................ 191
15.3 Packet Switching Concepts ............................................................................................. 191
15.3.1 Virtual Circuit .........................................................................................................................193
15.3.2 Datagram Service ....................................................................................................................194
15.3.3 Source Routing ........................................................................................................................ 195
15.4 Issues in Computer Networking .................................................................................... 195
15.5 Need for Layered Approach and Protocol Standards ................................................. 198
Summary ............................................................................................................................................. 200
References .......................................................................................................................................... 200
Questions ............................................................................................................................................201
Exercise ............................................................................................................................................... 201
Projects ............................................................................................................................................... 201
Chapter 16
ISO/OSI Protocol Architecture...................................................................................................... 202
16.1 OSI Reference Model ...................................................................................................... 202
16.2 Physical Layer .................................................................................................................... 205
16.3 Datalink Layer ................................................................................................................... 206
16.3.1 High-Level Data Link Control (HDLC) ................................................................................... 206
16.4 Network Layer ................................................................................................................... 209
16.5 Transport Layer ................................................................................................................. 209
16.6 Session Layer ..................................................................................................................... 210
16.7 Presentation Layer............................................................................................................ 210
16.8 Application Layer .............................................................................................................. 210
Summary ............................................................................................................................................. 211
References .......................................................................................................................................... 212
Questions ............................................................................................................................................212
Exercise ............................................................................................................................................... 212
Projects ............................................................................................................................................... 212
14
Chapter 17
Local Area Networks..................................................................................................................... 213
17.1 The Ethernet LAN ............................................................................................................ 213
17.1.1 LAN Protocol Layers ............................................................................................................... 215
17.1.2 CSMA/CD protocol .................................................................................................................. 216
17.1.3 Ethernet Addresses .................................................................................................................. 216
17.1.4 Ethernet Frame Format ............................................................................................................ 217
17.2 LAN Transmission Media ............................................................................................... 218
17.3 LAN Topologies ................................................................................................................ 218
17.4 Medium Access Control Protocols in LANs ............................................................... 220
17.5 LAN Standards ................................................................................................................... 221
17.5.1 IEEE 802.2 standard ................................................................................................................. 221
17.5.2 IEEE 802.3 Standard ................................................................................................................. 222
17.5.3 IEEE 802.4 Standard ................................................................................................................. 223
17.5.4 IEEE 802.5 Standard ................................................................................................................. 223
17.5.5 IEEE 802.12 Standard ............................................................................................................... 224
17.5.6 FDDI LAN ................................................................................................................................224
17.6 LAN Bridge ........................................................................................................................ 225
17.7 Wireless LANs .................................................................................................................. 225
17.7.1 IEEE 802.11 Family Standards .................................................................................................227
17.7.2 Medium Access Control ........................................................................................................... 228
17.7.3 WiFi ......................................................................................................................................... 229
17.7.4 Mobile IP .................................................................................................................................. 230
17.7.5 IEEE 802.15.3 Standard ............................................................................................................ 231
17.7.6 HiperLAN2 ...............................................................................................................................231
Summary ............................................................................................................................................. 232
References .......................................................................................................................................... 232
Questions ............................................................................................................................................233
Exercise ............................................................................................................................................... 233
Projects ............................................................................................................................................... 233
Chapter 18
Wide Area Networks and X.25 Protocols ..................................................................................... 234
18.1 Issues in Wide Area Networking ................................................................................... 234
18.2 Overview of X.25............................................................................................................... 235
18.3 A Satellite-based X.25 Network...................................................................................... 239
18.4 Addressing in X.25 Networks ......................................................................................... 240
Summary ............................................................................................................................................. 241
References .......................................................................................................................................... 242
Contents 15
Questions ............................................................................................................................................242
Exercise ............................................................................................................................................... 242
Projects ............................................................................................................................................... 242
Chapter 19
Internetworking .............................................................................................................................. 243
19.1 Issues in Internetworking ............................................................................................... 243
19.2 The Internet—The Global Network of Networks ...................................................... 248
Summary ............................................................................................................................................. 248
References .......................................................................................................................................... 248
Questions ............................................................................................................................................249
Exercise ............................................................................................................................................... 249
Projects ............................................................................................................................................... 249
Chapter 20
TCP/IP Protocol Suite .................................................................................................................... 250
20.1 TCP/IP Protocol Suite ...................................................................................................... 250
20.2 Operation of TCP and IP.................................................................................................. 253
20.3 Internet Protocol (IP) ....................................................................................................... 254
20.4 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) .......................................................................... 255
20.4.1 Flow Control and Acknowledgements ......................................................................................256
20.4.2 Congestion Control .................................................................................................................. 258
20.5 User Datagram Protocol (UDP) ...................................................................................... 258
20.6 TCP/IP over Satellite Links ............................................................................................ 259
20.7 Inter-Planetary Internet (IPN) ........................................................................................ 259
Summary ............................................................................................................................................. 261
References .......................................................................................................................................... 262
Questions ............................................................................................................................................262
Exercise ............................................................................................................................................... 262
Projects ............................................................................................................................................... 263
Chapter 21
Internet Protocol (IP) ..................................................................................................................... 264
21.1 Overview of Internet Protocol........................................................................................ 264
21.2 Internet Addressing Scheme .......................................................................................... 265
21.2.1 Dotted Decimal Notation .......................................................................................................... 267
21.3 Address Resolution Protocol .......................................................................................... 267
21.4 Reverse Address Resolution Protocol ......................................................................... 268
21.5 IP Datagram Format.......................................................................................................... 268
16
21.6 Subnet Addressing ............................................................................................................ 270
21.7 Supernet Addressing ........................................................................................................ 271
21.8 Limitations of IP version 4 .............................................................................................. 272
21.9 Features of IP version 6 ................................................................................................... 273
21.9.1 IPv6 Packet Format .................................................................................................................. 273
21.10 Routing Protocols ........................................................................................................... 276
21.10.1 Direct Delivery....................................................................................................................... 277
21.10.2 Indirect Delivery ....................................................................................................................277
21.11 Autonomous System ....................................................................................................... 278
21.12 Routing within Autonomous Systems.......................................................................... 279
21.12.1 Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) .........................................................................................279
21.12.2 Flooding .................................................................................................................................. 279
21.13 Routing between Autonomous Systems ..................................................................... 280
21.13.1 Exterior Gateway Protocol ..................................................................................................... 280
21.13.2 Border Gateway Protocol .......................................................................................................282
21.14 Internet Control Message Protocol ............................................................................ 283
Summary ............................................................................................................................................. 285
References .......................................................................................................................................... 285
Questions ............................................................................................................................................285
Exercise ............................................................................................................................................... 286
Projects ............................................................................................................................................... 286
Chapter 22
Transport Layer Protocols: TCP and UDP.................................................................................... 287
22.1 Services of the Transport Layer ..................................................................................... 287
22.2 Transmission Control Protocol ....................................................................................... 289
22.2.1 Virtual Circuit Connection ..................................................................................................... 290
22.2.2 TCP Segment Format ............................................................................................................... 291
22.2.3 TCP Mechanism ....................................................................................................................... 292
22.3 User Datagram Protocol .................................................................................................. 294
22.4 Transport Layer Security ................................................................................................. 296
Summary ............................................................................................................................................. 297
References .......................................................................................................................................... 297
Questions ............................................................................................................................................298
Exercise ............................................................................................................................................... 298
Projects ............................................................................................................................................... 298
Chapter 23
Distributed Applications.................................................................................................................. 299
23.1 Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) ........................................................................ 299
Contents 17
23.2 Multi-Purpose Internet Mail Extension (MIME) ...................................................... 303
23.3 Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) ......................................................................... 304
23.4 Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP)......................................................... 308
23.5 Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) ........................................................ 309
Summary ............................................................................................................................................. 311
References .......................................................................................................................................... 311
Questions ............................................................................................................................................312
Exercise ............................................................................................................................................... 312
Projects ............................................................................................................................................... 312
Chapter 24
The Wired Internet ......................................................................................................................... 313
24.1 Internet Applications ........................................................................................................ 313
24.2 Internet Architecture ....................................................................................................... 316
24.3 Domain Name Service ...................................................................................................... 317
24.3.1 Domain Name Servers .............................................................................................................318
24.4 Security Issues in the Internet ....................................................................................... 320
24.4.1 RADIUS Server ........................................................................................................................ 320
24.4.2 Firewalls................................................................................................................................... 321
24.5 Internet Access Products ................................................................................................ 321
24.6 Virtual Private Networks ................................................................................................. 322
24.6.1 VPN Security Requirements ................................................................................................... 323
24.6.2 VPN Architecture and Protocols ............................................................................................. 324
Summary ............................................................................................................................................. 325
References .......................................................................................................................................... 326
Questions ............................................................................................................................................326
Exercise ............................................................................................................................................... 326
Projects ............................................................................................................................................... 326
Chapter 25
Network Computing ....................................................................................................................... 327
25.1 Software Development in the Networking Era ............................................................ 327
25.2 Network Computer ........................................................................................................... 331
25.3 Dynamic Distributed Systems ......................................................................................... 332
25.3.1 Jini ...........................................................................................................................................333
25.4 Emerging Applications ..................................................................................................... 336
Summary ............................................................................................................................................. 338
References .......................................................................................................................................... 338
Questions ............................................................................................................................................338
18
Exercise ............................................................................................................................................... 339
Projects ............................................................................................................................................... 339
Chapter 26
Signaling System No. 7 .................................................................................................................. 340
26.1 Drawbacks of PSTN Signaling ......................................................................................... 340
26.2 Overview of Signaling System No. 7.............................................................................. 341
26.3 Call Setup using SS7 ......................................................................................................... 343
26.4 Database Query using SS7 .............................................................................................. 345
26.5 SS7 Protocol Layers.......................................................................................................... 346
26.6 Addressing and Signaling Units...................................................................................... 347
26.6.1 Functions of SUs ...................................................................................................................... 349
Summary ............................................................................................................................................. 350
References .......................................................................................................................................... 350
Questions ............................................................................................................................................350
Exercise ............................................................................................................................................... 350
Projects ............................................................................................................................................... 351
Chapter 27
Integrated Services Digital Network ............................................................................................. 352
27.1 Objectives of ISDN ........................................................................................................... 352
27.2 Principles of ISDN............................................................................................................. 353
27.3 ISDN Architecture ............................................................................................................ 355
27.3.1 Reference Points ...................................................................................................................... 356
27.3.2 Narrowband ISDN Channels.................................................................................................... 356
27.4 ISDN Standards.................................................................................................................. 358
27.5 ISDN Protocol Architecture ............................................................................................ 359
27.6 ISDN Connections ............................................................................................................ 361
27.7 Broadband ISDN ............................................................................................................... 362
References .......................................................................................................................................... 362
Questions ............................................................................................................................................362
Exercises ............................................................................................................................................. 362
Projects ............................................................................................................................................... 363
Chapter 28
Frame Relay ................................................................................................................................... 364
28.1 Advantages of Frame Relay............................................................................................. 364
28.2 Frame Relay Network ...................................................................................................... 365
28.3 Frame Format .................................................................................................................... 367
Contents 19
28.3.1 Frame Relay Header ................................................................................................................. 368
28.4 Congestion control............................................................................................................ 369
28.4.1 Committed Information Rate .................................................................................................... 370
28.5 Local Management Interface .......................................................................................... 370
28.6 Frame Relay Standards..................................................................................................... 370
28.7 Frame Relay versus X.25 ................................................................................................ 370
28.8 Representative Frame Relay Networks ....................................................................... 371
Summary ............................................................................................................................................. 373
References .......................................................................................................................................... 373
Questions ............................................................................................................................................373
Exercise ............................................................................................................................................... 374
Projects ............................................................................................................................................... 374
Chapter 29
Asynchronous Transfer Mode ....................................................................................................... 375
29.1 Concepts of ATM .............................................................................................................. 375
29.2 ATM Logical Connections .............................................................................................. 377
29.3 Call Establishment in ATM Networks .......................................................................... 379
29.4 ATM Protocol Architecture............................................................................................. 381
29.5 ATM Cell Structure .......................................................................................................... 381
29.6 Transmission of ATM Cells............................................................................................. 384
29.7 ATM for Multimedia ......................................................................................................... 384
Summary ............................................................................................................................................. 385
References .......................................................................................................................................... 385
Questionss .......................................................................................................................................... 385
Exercise ............................................................................................................................................... 386
Projects ............................................................................................................................................... 386
Part 3
Mobile Computing and Convergence Technologies
Chapter 30
Radio Paging .................................................................................................................................. 390
30.1 Paging System Architecture and Operation ................................................................. 390
30.2 Types of Pagers ................................................................................................................. 392
30.3 Frequencies of Operation ................................................................................................ 392
30.4 Paging Protocols................................................................................................................ 393
20
30.5 Advances in Radio Paging ............................................................................................... 393
Summary ............................................................................................................................................. 394
References .......................................................................................................................................... 394
Questions ............................................................................................................................................395
Exercise ............................................................................................................................................... 395
Projects ............................................................................................................................................... 395
Chapter 31
Cellular Mobile Communication Systems ...................................................................................... 396
31.1 Principles of Cellular Mobile Communications........................................................... 396
31.1.1 Single-Cell Systems ................................................................................................................ 397
31.1.2 Multi-cell Systems ...................................................................................................................398
31.2 Cellular System Design Issues....................................................................................... 399
31.3 Mobile Communications Standards ............................................................................... 400
31.4 GSM Architecture ............................................................................................................. 401
31.4.1 Salient Features of GSM .......................................................................................................... 401
31.4.2 GSM Services ..........................................................................................................................402
31.4.3 GSM System Architecture .......................................................................................................403
31.4.4 GSM Network Areas ................................................................................................................ 409
31.4.5 GSM Operation ........................................................................................................................ 410
31.5 Enhancements of GSM Standards ................................................................................... 411
31.5.1 GSM Phase 2 ............................................................................................................................ 411
31.5.2 Speech Quality Improvements ................................................................................................. 411
31.5.3 Enhanced Data Services........................................................................................................... 411
31.6 Mobile Satellite Systems ................................................................................................. 412
31.6.1 Iridium......................................................................................................................................412
31.6.2 Globalstar ................................................................................................................................. 413
31.6.3 ICO/Teledesic ..........................................................................................................................414
Summary ............................................................................................................................................. 414
References .......................................................................................................................................... 415
Questions ............................................................................................................................................415
Exercise ............................................................................................................................................... 416
Projects ............................................................................................................................................... 416
Chapter 32
Global Positioning System .............................................................................................................. 417
32.1 GPS Architecture............................................................................................................... 417
32.2 GPS Receiver ..................................................................................................................... 419
32.3 Differential GPS ................................................................................................................ 420
Contents 21
32.4 Applications of GPS ........................................................................................................... 421
32.5 Commercial GPS Receivers............................................................................................ 421
32.6 Developing Applications using GPS Receivers........................................................... 422
Summary ............................................................................................................................................. 423
References .......................................................................................................................................... 423
Questions ............................................................................................................................................424
Exercise ............................................................................................................................................... 424
Projects ............................................................................................................................................... 424
Chapter 33
Wireless Internet ............................................................................................................................ 425
33.1 Wireless Access to Internet ........................................................................................... 425
33.1.1 Challenges in Wireless Access to the Internet....................................................................... 426
33.2 Wireless Internet Roadmap: Generations of Wireless Networks........................... 427
33.2.1 Wireless Access Devices ......................................................................................................... 429
33.3 Wireless Internet Applications....................................................................................... 430
33.3.1 Pull Model and Push Model ..................................................................................................... 430
33.3.2 Location-based Services........................................................................................................... 431
33.4 Wireless Application Protocol ........................................................................................ 432
33.4.1 WAP Overview..........................................................................................................................432
33.4.2 Wireless Application Environment .......................................................................................... 434
33.4.3 WAP Architecture....................................................................................................................435
33.4.4 Evolution of WAP ..................................................................................................................... 437
33.5 2.5G Wireless Networks.................................................................................................. 439
33.6 3rd Generation (3G) Wireless Networks ..................................................................... 442
33.6.1 3G Standardization Activities ..................................................................................................443
Summary ............................................................................................................................................. 445
References .......................................................................................................................................... 445
Questions ............................................................................................................................................446
Exercise ............................................................................................................................................... 447
Projects ............................................................................................................................................... 447
Chapter 34
Multimedia Communication over IP Networks ............................................................................. 448
34.1 IP Networks and Multimedia Communication............................................................. 448
34.1.1 Limitations of IP Networks ...................................................................................................... 449
34.2 Architecture for Multimedia Communications over IP Networks........................... 450
34.3 Protocol Standards for Multimedia Communications over IP Networks................ 451
34.3.1 Call Models .............................................................................................................................. 454
22
34.4 Voice and Video over IP ................................................................................................... 455
34.4.1 Applications of Voice over IP .................................................................................................... 456
34.4.2 Issues in Voice and Video over IP ............................................................................................456
34.4.3 Video over IP............................................................................................................................. 458
34.4.4 Real Time Transport Protocol (RTP) ......................................................................................459
34.4.5 Real Time Control Protocol ..................................................................................................... 460
34.5 Fax over IP ......................................................................................................................... 462
34.5.1 Fax Transmission over PSTN ..................................................................................................463
34.5.2 Fax over IP ................................................................................................................................464
34.6 Cisco’s Architecture for Voice, Video and Integrated Data (AVVID) ..................... 465
34.7 Merger of Dotcom and Telecom or Death of PSTN? ................................................. 467
34.8 Java Media Framework ................................................................................................... 468
Summary ............................................................................................................................................. 469
References .......................................................................................................................................... 470
Questions ............................................................................................................................................470
Exercise ............................................................................................................................................... 470
Projects ............................................................................................................................................... 471
Chapter 35
Computer Telephony Integration and Unified Messaging ............................................................. 472
35.1 Need for CTI...................................................................................................................... 472
35.2 Technology Ingredients of CTI ...................................................................................... 473
35.3 Text-to-Speech Conversion ............................................................................................ 473
35.3.1 Machine Representation of Text .............................................................................................. 475
35.3.2 Transliteration .........................................................................................................................475
35.3.3 Speech Synthesis ..................................................................................................................... 476
35.3.4 Issues in Text-to-Speech Conversion System Design ............................................................. 478
35.4 Interactive Voice Response Systems............................................................................ 479
35.4.1 How an IVR System Works? ................................................................................................... 479
35.4.2 IVR System Architecture ........................................................................................................481
35.4.3 IVR Application Design Issues ................................................................................................ 482
35.5 Automatic Speech Recognition ....................................................................................... 483
35.5.1 Speech Recognition Methodology ............................................................................................484
35.5.2 Categories of Speech Recognition Systems ............................................................................ 488
35.5.3 Applications of Speech Recognition Technology ..................................................................... 490
35.6 Call Centers ....................................................................................................................... 490
35.6.1 Call Center Applications.......................................................................................................... 491
35.6.2 Call Center Architecture ......................................................................................................... 491
35.6.3 Internet-enabled Call Centers .................................................................................................492
Contents 23
35.7 Unified Messaging ............................................................................................................ 492
35.7.1 Unification of Messaging Systems .......................................................................................... 493
35.7.2 Applications of Unified Messaging .......................................................................................... 494
35.8 VoiceXML........................................................................................................................... 495
Summary ............................................................................................................................................. 498
References .......................................................................................................................................... 499
Questions ............................................................................................................................................500
Exercise ............................................................................................................................................... 501
Projects ............................................................................................................................................... 501
Chapter 36
Wireless Personal/Home Area Networks ..................................................................................... 502
36.1 Introduction to Personal Area Networks (PANs) ....................................................... 502
36.2 Overview of Bluetooth ..................................................................................................... 503
36.2.1 Bluetooth System Specifications ............................................................................................. 505
36.2.2 Bluetooth Protocol Architecture ............................................................................................. 511
36.3 HomeRF.............................................................................................................................. 516
36.4 IrDA ..................................................................................................................................... 519
36.5 IEEE 802.1x ....................................................................................................................... 519
Summary ............................................................................................................................................. 519
References .......................................................................................................................................... 520
Questions ............................................................................................................................................521
Exercise ............................................................................................................................................... 521
Projects ............................................................................................................................................... 521
Chapter 37
Telecommunications Management Network ................................................................................. 522
37.1 Overview of TMN ............................................................................................................. 523
37.2 TMN Building Blocks ...................................................................................................... 525
37.3 TMN Standard Interfaces ................................................................................................ 527
Summary ............................................................................................................................................. 529
References .......................................................................................................................................... 530
Questions ............................................................................................................................................530
Exercise ............................................................................................................................................... 530
Projects ............................................................................................................................................... 530
Chapter 38
Information Security ....................................................................................................................... 531
38.1 Information Leaks............................................................................................................. 531
38.2 Surveillance ........................................................................................................................ 532
24
38.2.1 Surveillance of Voice/Fax Communication ............................................................................. 533
38.2.2 Surveillance of Data Applications ............................................................................................534
38.3 The Dangers of Mobile Phones...................................................................................... 534
38.4 Cryptography...................................................................................................................... 535
38.4.1 Secret Key Algorithms ............................................................................................................ 536
38.4.2 Public Key Algorithms .............................................................................................................538
38.5 Steganography .................................................................................................................... 539
38.5.1 Digital Watermarking .............................................................................................................541
38.5.2 Secure Multimedia Communication ........................................................................................ 541
Summary ............................................................................................................................................. 543
References .......................................................................................................................................... 544
Questions ............................................................................................................................................544
Exercise ............................................................................................................................................... 544
Projects ............................................................................................................................................... 545
Chapter 39
Futuristic Technologiesand Applications ........................................................................................ 546
39.1 Evolution of the Present Telecommunication Network Architecture .................... 546
39.2 Convergence of Networks .............................................................................................. 548
39.3 Emerging Applications ..................................................................................................... 549
39.4 The Challenges.................................................................................................................. 551
Summary ............................................................................................................................................. 552
References .......................................................................................................................................... 552
Appendix A: Glossary..................................................................................................................... 553
Appendix B: Acronyms and Abbreviations .................................................................................... 564
Appendix C: Solutions to Selected Exercises ................................................................................ 571